Ambassador Dang Dinh Quy, head of the Vietnam Mission to the United Nations (UN), has called on the international community to focus on people-centred solutions, and share the burden and responsibility to ensure the success of the repatriation and reintegration process for refugees.

During an online meeting of the UN Security Council (UNSC) to hear a report of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) on June 18, the Vietnamese diplomat emphasised a holistic approach to the refugee issue, saying that preventing and settling conflicts, promoting economic development, and enhancing peace and security are sustainable solutions.

He urged parties involved to join efforts to achieve long-term ceasefires and create a favourable environment towards political solutions to conflicts.

Quy highlighted the humane significance of resolving the refugee problem, calling for promoting cooperation and dialogues among relevant countries to ensure the success of the process of repatriation and reintegration for refugees.

He applauded the Global Compact on Refugees and the Global Refugee Forum with more than 800 commitments made.

He also affirmed Vietnam's commitment and efforts to join hands with the international community in supporting the settlement of the refugee situation in the world and in implementing the Global Compact on Refugees.

Speaking at the meeting, UN High Commissioner for Refugees Filippo Grandi said in 2019, there were 79.5 million refugees in the world and those were forced to flee their homes – the highest level during the past decade.

He urged countries to join hands in seeking and implementing sustainable solutions to the issue, in which he particularly emphasised the importance of building and maintaining peace, upholding political determination and commitments to the effective implementation of the Global Refugee Agreement.

Representatives from UNSC member nations stressed the need to promote a mechanism on sharing burden and responsibility to support refugees and countries that accept them. They also called for international cooperation at bilateral, regional and global levels, and comprehensive solutions to this problem./.

Ambassador Le Thi Tuyet Mai, Permanent Representative of Vietnam to the UN, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and other international organisations in Geneva, led a Vietnamese delegation to attend the 43rd session of the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva, Switzerland on June 15.

The event, chaired by President of the Council - Austrian Ambassador Elisabeth Tichy-Fisslberger, was joined by representatives of 47 member countries, more than 100 observation countries, international and non-governmental organizations based in Geneva.

Participates focused their discussions on mechanisms and committees of UN human rights treaties, Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism on human rights, the situation of human rights in Palestine and occupied Arab territories, Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action on human rights, anti-racial discrimination and xenophobia, and technical assistance and capacity building in the field of human rights.

The session will consider the adoption of about 40 draft resolutions and decisions on human rights issues related to some countries such as Iran, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), Myanmar, Syria, South Sudan, Nicaragua, Palestine and Libya.

After the closing ceremony of the session on June 19, the UN Human Rights Council will continue to consult on the time and method of organising the 44th session, which was slated for June but has been postponed due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic.

Based on new measures of Switzerland to respond to the pandemic and the consensus of other countries, the 44th session is expected to be held in July./.

The European Union (EU)-Vietnam Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) is expected to trigger high-quality FDI flows from Europe to the Southeast Asian country, Vietnamese Trade Counsellor in Italy Nguyen Duc Thanh has told the Vietnam News Agency (VNA).

Slated to come into effect on August 1, 2020, the agreement will also help Vietnam improve its position in global supply chains and create more added value, he said.

Under the deal, he expects Vietnam’s GDP to increase 2-3 percent in the first five years of implementation, 4.5-5.3 percent in the subsequent five years, and 7.0-7.7 percent in the five years to follow.

The Ministry of Planning and Investment estimated prior to the COVID-19 outbreak that, thanks to the EVFTA, Vietnam’s export revenue to the EU would expand about 20 percent this year, 42.7 percent in 2025, and 44.37 percent in 2030, primarily vehicles and transportation equipment, machinery, spare parts, phones and electronic components, pharmaceuticals, garments and textiles, and leather and footwear.

However, he added, figures from the General Department of Vietnam Customs show that exports to the EU from January to May were down 9.68 percent year-on-year.

Export value may therefore rise just 5 percent this year but higher levels will be posted from 2021 onwards.

The EU has committed to providing Vietnam with the highest-ever tax incentives, Thanh said, with up to 85 percent of tariff lines on Vietnamese goods cut to zero percent as soon as the agreement takes effect, with tariffs on most of the remaining goods eliminated after seven years.

New added value will be created for any party aware of new global trends post-COVID-19, puts forth business strategies, and develops its economy sustainably, the Trade Counsellor emphasised.

He also pointed to the challenges ahead, such as strict regulations, standards, and technical barriers set by the EU, and suggested Vietnamese companies satisfy the demand of European consumers in taste, packaging, and food safety while scaling up production, stepping up cooperation, and ensuring transparency.

He said Vietnam needs to act fast to optimise the opportunities generated by the agreement, as the EU is yet to conclude negotiations over FTAs with Thailand and Indonesia.

Thanh also warned of changes in the post-COVID-19 period when major Western European countries restore domestic supply chains to ease reliance on goods from Asia.

Given this, Vietnam needs to find its own path, he said, suggesting it cut the processing of low value added goods.

According to the Trade Counsellor, Vietnam can optimise the agreement to promote the export of certain products to Italy, such as electronic motors, phones and spare parts, honey, footwear, garments and textiles, face masks, pharmaceuticals, machinery, equipment, wooden items, and agro-fishery products, especially rice.

He affirmed that the commercial affairs office of the Vietnamese Embassy in Italy stands ready to act as a bridge for trade between the two countries./.

The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly impacted most economies in the world. Its full impacts will not be felt, let alone measured, until it runs its course. Many countries are still struggling to contain contagion, while the costs on both lives and livelihoods will undoubtedly have long-term repercussions.

Back to the future?

The pandemic has exposed economic vulnerabilities building up for decades, especially since the counter-revolution, against Keynesian and development economics in the 1980s, gathered pace with transnational corporation-led privatization, liberalization and globalization.

As the world become more interdependent via trade, finance and communications, inequality and economic insecurity have waxed and waned unevenly, exacerbated by deregulation, reregulation, financialization and less public social provisioning, undermining public health and social protection.

Policymakers shied away from addressing the fundamental causes of several financial crises from the 1990s (e.g., in Mexico, East Asia and Russia) and during the first decade of this century, e.g., the dotcom, food and global financial crises. Now, once again, all too many are focused on getting back to ‘business as usual'.

What multilateral coordination?

The global economic situation remains unpredictable, with uncertainties about the varied nature of pandemic recessions. Government responses have not only been diverse, but often poorly conceived due to the novel nature of the crisis. Impacts have varied with the contagion and policy responses, unhelped by often confusing, if not misleading metrics.

Such uncertainty is also reflected in the wide-ranging growth forecasts by major international organizations. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has recognized the ‘Great Lockdown' as due to ‘self-imposed' contractions, leading to the "worst recession since the Great Depression".

The IMF has supported government fiscal and monetary initiatives, declaring that it "stands ready to mobilize its US$1 trillion lending capacity to help its membership". The World Bank has also promised an additional US$14 billion to help governments and businesses address the pandemic.

Plurilateralism also almost irrelevant

A March G-7 countries' joint statement promised "a strongly coordinated international approach", with no specific actions mentioned or forthcoming thereafter. Instead, countries have pursued their own divergent strategies, even banning exports of medical equipment.

Meanwhile, the Trump administration continues to prioritise ‘America First' while undermining most multilateral institutions and even plurilateral arrangements, including those created by the US, such as the G20.

Already, G20 members have been dragged into US-China tensions, as the White House blames China for the pandemic and other American problems. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia, the G20 chair for 2020, is itself embroiled in its own political and economic quagmire, undermined by falling oil revenues, worsened by its oil price war with Russia.

Poor diagnosis, bad medicine

Economic growth slowdowns, especially in manufacturing, services and trade, started prior to the Covid-19 outbreak. Yet, the pandemic's economic effects were expected to be short-term as factories and offices were closed, and strict ‘stay in shelter' lockdowns were enforced to stop contagion.

The drop in economic output, as the epidemic began and spread to industrial hubs, has had international repercussions with supply chains disrupted.

Such supply disruptions have engendered and interacted with prolonged, wide-ranging demand shocks as Covid-19 crisis-induced policy responses and other uncertainties reduced consumption and investment spending, slowing economic growth and undermining employment.

Almost 2.7 billion workers, around 81% of the world's workforce, work and earn less due to the Covid-19 recession, with those in lower middle-income developing countries losing most. And almost 1.6 billion in the informal economy are in the hardest hit sectors or significantly impacted by lockdown measures.

The longer the lockdowns persist, the greater the economic disruption and adverse impacts as the effects spread via trade and finance linkages to an ever growing number of countries, firms and households.

Governments have adopted various monetary and fiscal measures to try to revive and sustain economic activity. Such measures include cash transfers to households, extending unemployment insurance or social security benefits, temporary deferment of tax payments, and increasing guarantees and loans to businesses.

Early ‘stimulus packages' assumed that the ‘pandemic shock' would be short-lived and easily reversible. They have largely ignored addressing the unsustainability, inequality, instability and other vulnerabilities of their economic, social and ecological systems.

Monetary ruse, liquidity trap

Basel 3 recommended capital conservation and countercyclical capital buffers for all banks. Many central banks have cut interest rates and increased liquidity through a combination of measures, by lowering reserve and Basel 3 requirements, besides easing loan terms for new temporary loan facilities for banks and businesses.

Continued credit support, through unconventional monetary policies, has not addressed liquidity problems due to truncated business turnover. Increased liquidity provision has instead been captured by better ‘credit risks', even fuelling inflation while doing little for the most vulnerable and needy, deepening pre-Covid-19 inequalities.

Unconventional monetary policies before Covid-19 were already creating stock market bubbles, instead of financing investments in the real economy, thus contributing to growing inequality.

Central banks have not been able to repair their balance sheets or draw back excess liquidity, for fear of financial sector collapse, thus ironically increasing its fragility by pumping in more liquidity, increasing speculation and fuelling inflation.

Fiscal traps unsustainable

Without better planned coordination, initial relief measures for households and businesses were often wrongly portrayed as fiscal stimulus packages while output has remained constrained by lockdown enforcement.

Despite cuts in government expenditure, especially for public health and social protection, there was little political will to increase progressive taxation. Still mounting government debt, already at historically high levels prior to the pandemic, has not helped.

Instead, earlier tax cuts have increased public debt, while the failure to improve fiscal capacities after the 2008 global financial crisis has meant eschewing productivity enhancing public investments, boosting revenue via progressive taxation, and strengthening universal health coverage and social protection.

Designing recovery

The design of measures matters, crucially affecting likely effects. As countries prepare for recovery, they should ask what ‘recovery' can and should mean. To address the many problems we have to contend with, it should not mean a return to ‘business as usual'.

First, as workplaces and social spaces – where people meet, socialize, shop, etc. – have to be redesigned and repurposed to meet precautionary public health requirements, such as physical distancing. Second, the unsustainable, financialized and grossly unequal pre-Covid-19 economy needs to be fundamentally transformed.

Covid-19 policy responses have rarely addressed deeper prior malaises, such as stagnant or falling productivity growth and declining labour remuneration, not to speak of ‘sustainable industrial policy' measures to address global warming, resource exhaustion and other sustainability problems.

When discussing about major matters of the revolution whether in the past or at present, President Ho Chi Minh and our Party all start with analysing characteristics, contents, and development trends of the times and judging the world situation to identify the correct path of Vietnamese revolution and lay out correct, creative domestic and foreign policies. Platform for national construction from the transitional period to socialism (supplemented and developed in 2011) clearly points out that “the salient feature of the times is that countries with different social regimes and levels of development coexist with both cooperation and competition for national interests. The struggle of people for peace, independence, democracy, development, and social progress will face many difficulties and challenges, but witness new advances. According to the laws of evolution, the humankind will definitely advance towards socialism.”

I. Current development trends of the times

Globalisation and international integration continue to unfold in both scale and nature. Globalisation, in its nature, is the process of accelerating and widening mutual relations, influence, and dependence of all regions and nations around the world. This is a trend and inevitable result of the development of the modern market economy, which promotes multifaceted relationships beyond national boundaries and cooperation for mutual benefits. Countries are both exposed to chances and cannot resist attraction of the globalisation process. It becomes an unavoidable process, which ceaselessly develops and draws the whole world to integration for mutual development, cooperation, and rivalry for national interests.

International integration is the process when each nation pursues its own benefits and goals through voluntarily cooperating with other nations and international organisations in many fields (economy, politics, culture, society, security, national defence, and so on) on the basis of shared awareness, benefits, values, resources, power, proactively accepting and participating in establishing common norms and standards within the frameworks of international institutions or organisations. International integration traced it back to the 1950s and has boomed since 1990s. A series of regional organisations came into being. The European Union (EU) has reached a high level of integration, which turns it into a strong super-national institution. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is also broadening and deepening its comprehensive regional integration based on three pillars, namely Political-Security Community, Economic Community, and Socio-Cultural Community. On the global scale, the United Nations (UN) and its functional bodies started to exist and are increasingly expanded with the participation of almost countries on earth.

Rapid development of science and technology

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is taking place dramatically and becomes a new development trend today. It is characterised by merger and no boundaries between technology, physics, techniques, and biology. It is the trend of combining virtual and real systems and Internet of Things (IOT), which makes the world “flatter,” promotes new dramatic advances in the processes of globalisation and international integration, and brings about both new opportunities and challenges. Given high growth rates, rapid changes, and combination of different technologies, the humankind is offered sea changes and unprecedented development.

The trend of peace, cooperation, and development

The 20^th Century saw two world wars with extremely catastrophic consequences. Nowadays, if another world war or a war between superpowers occurs, it will destroy the economic infrastructure of many countries completely. If it escalates into a nuclear war, the whole world will be exterminated. Therefore, peace and stability are demand and aspiration of the entire humandkind. No peace, no cooperation and development and vice versa. A stable world and increased cooperation and development will strengthen world peace. It is cooperation, international integration, interdependence, and intertwined interests between nations that make all instability and upheavals be resolved satisfactorily. Peace, cooperation, and development have been one of objective trends vital in international relations today. This is a trend and dream of all humankind to turn it into a long-lasting value. However, real peace is still far away in many places. Violence and coercion replace cooperation and risks are entailed in development.

II. Recognising and countering incorrect allegations about the times

After the breakdown of socialism in the Soviet Union and countries in Eastern Europe, hostile forces took advantage of this event to criticise and distort Marxism-Leninism and disparage the most fundamental theoretical point about the times. There is nothing new in their allegations but the ways of expression, thus requiring us to recognise and resolutely struggle to counter these allegations.

Regarding the first matter

They falsely claim that if today is a transitional period from capitalism to socialism, socialism has collapsed. Of course, this is the era of capitalism. If socialism and communism have come to an end, they cannot return in the next 100 years. Their way of thinking obviously shows a lack of historical knowledge and narrow-mindedness. The evolution and replacement of an era cannot happen quickly but is a long journey. This process is an inevitable social trend, but not an even path. It may undergo many upheavals, including great advances and setbacks. Of course, the breakdown of socialism in Eastern Europe and Soviet Union is a significant loss of the communist movement. That disintegration can be attributed to many reasons, but it does not belong to the nature of the socialist regime and does not lead to the loss of epochality. History has proven that it was not too easy for capitalism to replace feudalism. That transformation took place in several centuries and faced drastic opposition of feudal forces. Similar situation can be seen today when imperialist forces take all means with the aim of stopping communist movement. This further exposes complexity of the times today.

As for the second matter

Our enemy publicly claims that the socialism in the Soviet Union came to end, thus values of the Russian October Revolution are also no longer valid. This is a hasty and irrational conclusion. Even though achievements brought about by the Russian October Revolution collapsed right at their source, it does not mean the end of lofty, beautiful ideals of the October Revolution. History has shown that no revolutions, even the greatest ones, could abolish the old society and complete building of a new society. It took hundreds of years to advance from feudalism to capitalism by means of many bourgeois revolutions such as the British Revolution in 1788 and French revolutions in 1830, 1848, 1871, and so forth.

The evolution of human society after the Russian October Revolution has demonstrated that its ideals not only serve as the guiding light but also make great practical contributions. The October Revolution served as an awakening bell with the history, which heralded a new page of the world history. The world before the Russian October Revolution had been a dark period or the era of capitalism. The October breakthrough shook most of the foundations of the world capitalist system. The whole world was awakened, which unleashed a new strength for the formation and development of the socialist system, leading to a complete collapse of the colonial system and liberation of societies and people. Achievements of the October Revolution enabled the humankind to prevent the capitalists’ abuse of power, changing internal factors of capitalism. The capitalism could not live on its own but tried to survive. Changes in economic, political strategies to survive as well as those in policies on social welfare in current developed capitalist countries result from struggle of the working people and influence of the October Revolution.

It can be affirmed that although the world situation is likely to witness many changes or even unpredictable upheavals in the coming time, nature of the times remains unchanged. There may be upheavals in a specific period, but they cannot change the nature of the times. The humankind is still in the transitional period from capitalism to socialism. Basic contradictions in the world still exist and are even deepened with new forms of expression. National and class struggles still occur in many forms.

III. Viet Nam is steadfast with its chosen path

Our country is in the transitional process to socialism. Although there is no longer aid from the Soviet Union and socialist countries like before, the scientific-technological revolution and globalisation make all countries become interdependent. No single country can attain development without interconnecting with other countries. Economic cooperation with countries by various dynamic means on the basis of equality, mutual benefits, respect for independence and sovereignty, and non-intervention in the internal affairs of other countries in any forms will enable Viet Nam to take advantage of capital, techniques, modern technologies, and management experience for economic development, acceleration of industrialisation, modernisation of the country, and establishment of material infrastructure of socialism. It is also the real capacity that our country is trying to leverage in order to integrate our economy into the regional and world economy. Besides opportunities, there are also challenges and risks. In the process of economic cooperation, especially with developed capitalist countries, they may exploit their advantage of capital, techniques, and modern technology to impose pressure on us to gain favourable conditions and make us deviate from the socialist direction. Although peace, cooperation and development are the main trend of the times, there is another opposite trend, namely power politics and coercion. Plots of aggressive forces, which are being exposed at flashpoints in many regions, are to dominate waters and islands and violate other countries’ independence and sovereignty.

These are challenges and risk we need to perceive thoroughly and exercise vigilance in order to have effective prevention strategies and response. We pursue a strategy of cooperation and struggle on the basis of firmly adhering to matters of principle regarding our strategic goals while exercising flexibility in stratagems. Struggle does not aim to undermine cooperation but promote cooperation. It is necessary to sensibly exploit contradictions of the capitalist system, especially those between major powers in terms of multipolar trend, to broaden cooperation. This brings us both benefits and essential capacity to respond to the worst scenarios, safeguarding independence, sovereignty, unification, territorial integrity and successfully accomplishing the two strategic tasks, namely construction of socialism and protection of the socialist Homeland.

Furthermore, Viet Nam faces both positive and negative impacts from regional and global economic integration. The positive impacts are when the region and the world enjoy stable economic growth. In contrast, when the region and the world enter periods of stagnation or crises, Viet Nam will suffer from negative influence. We need to have policies to make good use of positive side and minimise the negative one, contributing to maintaining economic stability and growth of our country. This is the lesson learnt from dealing with negative effects of the financial and economic crises in the region and the world over the past decades.

Despite being an underdeveloped country, if we successfully take advantage of opportunities and overcome challenges, we can take a shortcut to socialism without undergoing the capitalist regime. This is in line with the standpoint of Vladimir Lenin, who greatly contributed to “shortcut development path” and New Economic Policy (NEP). It has been tested by practice and is being applied in a creative and suitable manner by our Party.

In conclusion, we can believe that Viet Nam is poised to reach a new height, steadfast in its chosen path, able to advance with the world and the times, and sure to fulfil the goal of prosperous people and a strong, democratic, equitable and advanced country.

Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc hailed the great contributions generations of Vietnamese journalists have made to the cause of national liberation in the past and the country’s development today.

The statement was made in a letter he wrote which was read out at a conference honouring outstanding journalists held in Hà Nội on Saturday.

The event was held to mark the 95th anniversary of the Việt Nam Revolutionary Press Day (June 21, 1925 – June 21, 2020).

Thanh Niên (Youth People) Newspaper, founded by Nguyễn Ái Quốc (later known as President Hồ Chí Minh), debuted in 1925, marking the inception of Việt Nam’s revolutionary press.

Since then, the Vietnamese press has grown under the leadership of the Communist Party of Việt Nam (CPV) and made important contributions to the cause of national liberation in the past as well as national building and safeguarding today, the PM said in his letter.

Over the past century, the press has reflected various aspects of the country’s social, economic and political life, and popularised good social values and good deeds as well as successful models and outstanding people, and promoted Việt Nam as a friendly, peaceful destination globally.

The PM stressed the role of journalists in protecting the nation’s independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity; and fighting corruption, wastefulness, wrongdoings, social evils and moral deterioration.

The leader urged journalists nationwide to further improve their professionalism and uphold their ethics and core values to continue pursuing the glorious mission of the revolutionary press.

He said he highly appreciated journalists' contributions and congratulated seven senior journalists and nearly 200 outstanding reporters honoured at the conference, out of the country's 40,000 people working in journalism.

Politburo member Trần Quốc Vượng, Chairman of Việt Nam Fatherland Front Trần Thanh Mẫn, Vice President Trần Ngọc Thịnh and Deputy Prime Minister Vũ Đức Đam all attended the conference./.

 Ho Chi Minh City police said on June 13 that they had detained Le Huu Minh Tuan, a resident in central Quang Nam province, for making, storing, spreading information, materials, items for the purpose of opposing the State of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam under Article 17 of the Penal Code.

The investigation agency said the arrest was made on June 12 in connection with the investigation of the case of making, storing, spreading anti-State information, materials, items by Pham Chi Dung and accomplices.

The police also conducted a house search and seized many documents and material evidence related to Le Huu Minh Tuan’s illegal acts.

Last month, HCM City police also arrested Nguyen Tuong Thuy, born in 1950 and residing in Thanh Xuan district, Hanoi, in connection with the Pham Chi Dung case.

The police of Ho Chi Minh City in November 2019 started legal proceedings against and arrested Pham Chi Dung for making, storing, spreading information, materials, items for the purpose of opposing the State of Socialist Republic of Vietnam under Article 117 of the Penal Code.
According to the police, Dung has committed many serious and dangerous violations of laws, causing bad impacts on social stability and security and order in the city./.

Constituents in Hanoi and central Thua Thien-Hue province expressed their attention to post-COVID-19 social security policies after listening to opinions from legislators and Government members during a plenary discussion broadcast live on TV on June 13.

This debate was part of the ongoing ninth session of the 14th National Assembly in Hanoi.

Nguyen Huu Can, a 70-year-old retiree in Thuy Xuan ward of Thua Thien-Hue’s Hue city, said people nationwide are putting great trust in the Party and State’s leadership, especially the proactive and drastic response to the COVID-19 outbreak.

However, he noted, as the pandemic has caused numerous difficulties to socio-economic aspects, the Government needs to speed up public investment disbursement, especially for major and key projects, practice thrift, prevent wastefulness, and carry out timely policies on reducing taxes, extending tax payment deadlines, and supplying soft loans for businesses to help them resume operations.

Local authorities and all-level committees of the Vietnam Fatherland Front should keep a close watch on the provision of financial aid for people affected by the pandemic to prevent wrongdoings, Can said.

Meanwhile, Nguyen Duc Thuan, a resident in Vinh Ninh ward of Hue city, recommended the Government direct ministries and sectors to enhance monitoring and controlling prices of several essential goods such as pork and some other foodstuffs.

He also pointed out the need for the Government, ministries, sectors and localities to prioritise restoring production activities and creating jobs as the coronavirus pandemic has made many people unemployed while prices of some essential commodities have surged.

Commenting on recent moves by the Government, Pham Van Luong, a constituent in Bac Tu Liem district of Hanoi, said the solutions carried out to support people and businesses in the face of COVID-19 are comprehensive and drastic, concurrently fighting against the disease and sustaining growth. 

They have boosted people’s confidence in a bright future, he added.

Also valuing the Government’s measures, Do Toan, a resident in the Linh Dam urban area of Hanoi, voiced his hope that the Cabinet will implement as strong and effective solutions as in the COVID-19 combat so as to soon stabilise and boost socio-economic development.

Echoing the view, Quoc Huy, a voter in Hoang Liet ward of the capital’s Hoang Mai district, said he hopes the Government will base on recommendations suggested by lawmakers at the June 13 sitting to implement suitable development solutions in the new context./.